Resumo O estudo apresenta uma análise clínica dos impedimentos da atividade de trabalho do professor na Educação a Distância (EAD) sob a ótica da abordagem teórico-metodológica da Clínica da Atividade (CA). Ser professor na EAD é uma atividade recente, comparada à modalidade presencial, na qual as atividades de trabalho são reconfiguradas tanto do ponto de vista técnico-instrumental quanto didático-pedagógico. A fim de estudar os impedimentos dessas atividades utilizamos a técnica da Instrução ao Sósia (IaS) para uma coanálise da atividade de trabalho. A análise da atividade de trabalho apontou diferentes formas de vivenciar os espaços de docência. As mudanças que a EAD produziu na atividade dos professores os convocaram a um acesso mais profundo das orientações genéricas da profissão, de modo a contribuir para revitalizações do fazer docente, não necessariamente atrelado ao uso do modelo presencial como um guia, pois replicar o modelo presencial para EAD não seria garantia do sucesso da atividade do professor na EAD.

Abstract The study presents a clinical analysis of obstacles that Distance Education (DE) teachers experience from the standpoint of the theoretical and methodological approach of the Clinic of Activity. Being a DE teacher is a recent activity, compared to face-to-face modality, and work activities are reconfigured both from the technical-instrumental and didactic-pedagogic points of view. In order to study the work obstacles, we used the Instruction to the Double technique for a co-analysis of work activity. The analysis of work activity pointed out different ways to experience the teaching activity spaces. The changes that DE produced in the activity of the teachers called to a deeper access of the generic guidelines of the profession, in order to contribute to the revitalization of the teaching activity, not necessarily linked to the use of the classroom model as a guide, because replicating the classroom model for DE would be no guarantee of success for the DE teacher work.

Resumen El estudio presenta un análisis clínico de los impedimentos de la actividad de trabajo del profesor de la Educación a Distancia (EAD) desde la óptica del abordaje teórico-metodológico de la Clínica de la Actividad (C.A). Ser profesor de EAD es una actividad reciente, comparada a la modalidad presencial, donde las actividades de trabajo son reconfiguradas, tanto del punto de vista técnico-instrumental como didáctico-pedagógico. Con el fin de estudiar los impedimentos de esas actividades, utilizamos la técnica de Instrucción al Doble para un análisis conjunto de la actividad de trabajo. El análisis de la actividad de trabajo mostró diferentes formas de vivenciar los espacios de docencia. Los cambios que la EAD produjo en la actividad de los profesores los invitan a un acceso más profundo sobre las orientaciones genéricas de la profesión, de modo a contribuir a la revitalización de la docencia. Esta revitalización no está necesariamente vinculada al uso del modelo presencial como guía, ya que replicar ese modelo en la EAD no garantizaría el éxito de la actividad del profesor en la EAD.

Resumo Este artigo fundamenta-se em quatro experiências de pesquisa nas quais foi utilizada a técnica de Instrução ao Sósia (IaS) para análise da atividade de trabalho em variados contextos laborais. São apresentadas e discutidas as aplicações da técnica nessas pesquisas norteadas pela abordagem teórica e metodológica da Clínica da Atividade. As experiências mencionadas efetivaram-se em diferentes ambientes laborais - hospitais, universidades, praias - com seus respectivos participantes (profissionais de saúde, professores e trabalhadores informais). O uso da técnica ensejou diversos fenômenos psíquicos, dentre os quais se destaca a reflexão do trabalhador sobre sua atividade, tanto no âmbito da dimensão clínica da atividade de trabalho como na esfera da identificação de competências diante os possíveis desenrolar da atividade. As contribuições oriundas de tais experiências permitem indicar a técnica para futuros estudos em diferentes contextos laborais, o que evidencia amplas possibilidades de utilização.

Abstract This article is grounded on four research experiences in which has been used the Instruction to the double technique to analyze the work activity in a variety of workplace settings. The applications of the technique are presented and discussed in those researches, guided by the theoretical and methodological approach of the Clinic of Activity. The experiences reported occurred in different working environments - hospitals, universities, beaches - with their participants (health professionals, teachers and informal workers). The use of the technique allow various psychic phenomena, among which stand out the worker's reflection on its activity, in the clinical dimension of work activity, and competence identification dimension in front of possible developments of the activity. Contributions from these experiences allow to indicate the technique for future studies in different work contexts, thereby demonstrating their broad possibilities of use.

Resumen Este artículo se basa en cuatro experiencias de investigación en las cuales fue utilizada la técnica de Instrucción al doble para el análisis de la actividad de trabajo en contextos laborales variados. Son presentadas y discutidas las aplicaciones de la técnica en esas investigaciones, orientadas por la perspectiva teórica y metodológica de la Clínica de la Actividad. Las experiencias mencionadas se realizaron en diferentes ambientes laborales - hospitales, universidades, playas - con sus respectivos participantes (profesionales de la salud, profesores y trabajadores informales). El uso de la técnica posibilitó diversos fenómenos psíquicos, entre los cuales se destacan la reflexión del trabajador sobre su actividad, tanto en el ámbito de la dimensión clínica de la actividad de trabajo, como en el ámbito referente a la identificación de competencias frente a los posibles desenvolvimientos de la actividad. Las contribuciones oriundas de tales experiencias permiten indicar la técnica para futuros estudios en diferentes contextos laborales, lo que evidencia amplias posibilidades de utilización.

Leishmaniases are endemic to several Brazilian states, including Minas Gerais. As many cases of these diseases are diagnosed in Minas Gerais every year, this paper aimed to determine the diversity of the species of sandflies vector of leishmaniases, in Lassance and Corinto on the banks of the Velhas River. Over two years, 21,014 specimens of sandflies, belonging to 19 species were captured with light traps. Of these specimens, Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto 1926) (84.18%), Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912) (13.41%), Evandromyia lenti(Mangabeira 1938) (0.99%) and Evandromyia sallesi (Galvão & Coutinho 1939) (0.48%) were the most represented. The former two species could be involved in the epidemiological chain of leishmaniasis in this region. No significant difference was found between the species compositions on the two river banks.

The description of Micropygomyia brandaoi, a new species of fossil phlebotomine sand fly, is based on one male specimen obtained from Dominican amber of the Miocene period (20 million years). In this new species, the fifth palpal segment is long, the coxite lacks a setal tuft and the style shows four well-developed spines. This set of characters allowed us to place the new species in the genus Micropygomyia Barretto.

A new fossil species of phlebotomine sandflies is described from Dominican amber based in one specimen. Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) paleotrichia sp. nov. is distinguished from the other extant and extinct species by aspects of paramere and the basal tuft of bristles in the gonocoxite.

The present paper describes a new phlebotomine species, Evandromyia gaucha sp. nov., based on seven females found in the municipality of Caçapava do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The new species belong to rupicola series and differs from other sand flies of the genus Evandromyia due to the presence of a rounded spermatheca head with its size very close to that of the spermatheca body.

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912) and N. neivai (Pinto 1926) are possible vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in some regions of Brazil. Further, the latter was until recently, considered a junior synonym of the former. This study has the purpose of updating our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these species, based on specimens deposited at the collection of the Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Faculdade de Saúde Pública-Universidade de São Paulo, and on data presented by literature as also to associate this distribution with the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases reported. It has been reported that N. intermedia occurs in the states of the Northeastern Region, in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, on the northern coast of São Paulo, in eastern Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás, close to the border with Minas Gerais and Bahia. N. neivai occurs in the Southern Region, southern coast and in western São Paulo, southern and western Minas Gerais, southern Goiás, and southern Pará, beyond Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It is important to highlight that N. intermedia and N. neivai occur in sympatry in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. N. intermedia or N. neivai are predominant or are captured abundantly in several cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in the Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil.

Phlebotominae includes some vector species, mainly that of leishmaniases, with a very old host-parasite relationship. Some species fossils of this subfamily have been recently described and this paper presents the description of a new sand fly Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) paleotownsendi sp. nov in amber. The gonostyle present four spines, being one apical, one external superior implanted close to the apical third, one external inferior in the middle of the structure and one internal implanted in the basal third. This disposition of the spines may separate the new species from others in the sub genus.

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) e Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) são muito semelhantes morfologicamente e ambas apresentam grande variação em algumas estruturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a variação ocorrida em fêmeas destas espécies, provenientes dos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. As estruturas morfológicas estudadas foram o número de dentes horizontais no cibário e o número de anéis e forma da cabeça da espermateca. O número de anéis nas espermatecas foi significativamente maior em N. intermedia e forma da cabeça da espermateca simples predominou em ambas. Com relação ao cibário, foi encontrada uma variação de oito a onze dentes horizontais nas duas espécies, chegando a doze em N. intermedia. O número de dentes horizontais e a forma da cabeça da espermateca foram variáveis em todas as populações estudadas e todas as estruturas pesquisadas foram consideradas polimórficas.

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) are morphologically very close and both present great variation in some structures. The objective of this study is a description of the variation among the females of these species in populations from the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The morphological structures studied were the number of horizontal teeth in the cibarium and the number of rings and the shape of the terminal knob of the spermathecae. The spermatheca rings are significantly more numerous in N. intermedia than in N. neivai and the simple shape of the terminal knob predominated in both species. Regarding the cibarium, eight to eleven teeth have been found in both species, with up to twelve teeth in the latter. The number of horizontal teeth and the shape of the terminal knob of the spermathecae were variable throughout the populations of both species and all structures were polymorphic in the populations studied.

A sand fly fossil was found in amber, a vegetal resin, which allows all the external phlebotomine structures to be seen. The piece that contains the new species is 14 mm long <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 8 mm wide <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 3 mm high. All the structures from the head, thorax, and abdomen were examined under the microscope and measured with a calibrated micrometric eye-piece. The morphological aspects of the new species suggest its inclusion in the Pintomyia genus, Pifanomyia subgenus though it is not possible to include it in any of the series known for this subgenus. The presence of two atrophied spines on the gonostyles and gonocoxites without tufts of setae permit the exclusion of the new species from the other species of the subgenus Pifanomyia. The new species is named Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) brazilorum sp. nov.

Several species of the subgenus Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 are known to be leishmaniosis vectors in Brazil. Some of them are morphologically similar, which makes their identification quite difficult concerning epidemiological studies. The aim of the current work is to study the morphology of adult specimens of the subgenus Psychodopygus, in accordance with the morphological similarity and still taking into account the epidemiological importance of some species. Thus 11 species have been studied, including four subspecies of adult specimens deposited in the phlebotomine collection of Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz. Morphological characters found in the literature and new features observed in this study were recorded in a taxonomic discussion format. These characters make it easy to separate such species. Four taxa, previously considered as subspecies, were raised to the category of species.

No período de novembro de 2000 a novembro de 2001, foi realizado o estudo dos flebotomíneos nos municípios de Alto Caparaó e Caparaó, com o objetivo de determinar a sua variação sazonal, comparar os pontos de estudo quanto à ocorrência destes insetos e determinar os ambientes de prevalência destes. Foram realizadas coletas mensais, com armadilhas luminosas de Falcão em nove pontos, sendo quatro armadilhas por ponto, nos seguintes ambientes: abrigo de animais, mata, cafezal e parede externa das casas. Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) foi a espécie predominante, e o abrigo de animais o ambiente com maior ocorrência de flebotomíneos. Encontrou-se diferença significativa na composição de espécies de flebotomíneos nos pontos estudados. Lutzomyia intermedia é a espécie suspeita de transmitir a Leishmania na região.

In the period from November of 2000 to November of 2001, a study of sand flies was realized in the municipalities of Alto Caparaó and Caparaó with the objective of determining their seasonal variation, comparing the points of study related to the occurrence of these insects and detecting their ideal environments. Monthly collections were carried out, with Falcão light traps at nine points, four traps per point, in the following environments: of animals shelter, forest (bush), coffee plantation and the external walls of houses. Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species, and animal shelter the environment with the largest occurrence of sand flies. A significant difference in the composition of sand fly species was found in the studied points. Lutzomyia intermedia is the species suspected of transmitting Leishmania in the region.

Este trabalho relata o encontro de um flebotomíneo com anomalia bilateral no dististilo. Esta anomalia é rara neste grupo de insetos e pode causar confusão na identificação específica e levar à descrição de novas espécies, aumentando a lista de sinonímia do grupo. O espécime foi medido e comparado com o holótipo e quatro parátipos de Micropygomyia schreiberi (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1975) e concluímos que, de fato, se trata desta espécie.

This paper presents a specimen of phlebotomine sand fly with a bilateral anomaly in the style. Although such anomaly be rare in this group of insects, it may cause confusion in taxonomic identification and even lead to description of new species, increasing the number of synonymies. The specimen was measured and compared with the holotype and four paratypes of Micropygomyia schreiberi (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1975) and confirmed that it belongs, in fact, to this species.

During a study of the phlebotomines of the Brazilian state of Tocantins, a new species was discovered in Porto Nacional county, here described as Micropygomyia (Silvamyia) echinatopharynx sp. nov. This is only the second species of the subgenus Micropygomyia (Silvamyia) to be described.

The phlebotomine sand flies Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) are very close and may be involved in the transmission of Leishmania spp. Ross, 1903 in Brazil. The biology of the first laboratory-reared generations of these species, descended from insects captured in Além Paraíba (N. intermedia) and Corinto (N. neivai) in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, is described here. The captured females were fed on hamsters and maintained individually in rearing pots. Laboratory temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 25-26ºC and 80% respectively. The productivity of the first generation of N. intermedia was greater than that of N. neivai, and its development time clearly shorter, particularly for the second and third larval instars.